HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria

Christian Isichei; Pamela Brown; Mercy Isichei; Jean Njab; Tinuade Oyebode; Prosper Okonkwo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria

Christian Isichei, Pamela Brown, Mercy Isichei, Jean Njab, Tinuade Oyebode, Prosper Okonkwo

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 3, Issue 1)

Received: 4 January 2015 Accepted: 18 January 2015 Published: 30 January 2015

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Abstract

Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 248 pregnant women with mean age of 26 years were recruited through a random sampling method during ANCs with pre and post counseling initiated and a structured survey questionnaire used. Venous blood samples were collected using needles and syringes, thereafter transported to a central point at Gindiri, centrifuged and serum sent to Plateau Specialist Hospital virology laboratory for HIV testing. Results: Participants with less than six (6) months planned postpartum sexual abstinence(cultural to abstain from Sexual Intercourse during pregnancy) were 8 times significantly more likely (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.4, 42.0) to be infected compared with those who observed more than six (6) months planned postpartum abstinence. Also, women from polygamous marriages had a five-fold greater and significantly odds (OR 5.36; 95%CI 1.3, 24.5) of being HIV positive compared to women from monogamous marriages. Furthermore, parous women were 4 times significantly more likely (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.1, 20.0) to be infected than nulliparous women. Previous exposure to malaria and educational status were not significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI; 1.5 – 6.5)comparable to Nigerian’s current overall prevalence rate and high lights need to eliminate preventable risk factors and relevance of male involvement in HIV prevention especially during pregnancy including ANCs, Care, Treatment and Support. There was higher rate of HIV infection among women who did not abstain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy suggesting multiple partnerships and need for marital faithfulness especially from the men during pregnancy.

Published in	American Journal of Health Research (Volume 3, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
Page(s)	18-23
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

HIV, Risk Factors, Rural, Prevalence and Male Involvement

References

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[5]	Burr C K, Lampe M A, Corle S, Margolin FS, Abresh C and Clark J, 2007. An end to perinatal HIV: Success in the US requires ongoing and innovative efforts that should expand globally. J Public Health Policy; 28:249-60.
[6]	Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists,2004. Management of HIV in pregnancy. Guideline No. 39. London: RCOG.
[7]	Mofenson L M, 2010. Prevention in neglected subpopulations: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis; 50Suppl 3:S130-48.
[8]	Federal Ministry of Health. National Reproductive and Health Survey Plus (NARHS PLUS), 2012. 8 – 11
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[11]	Nigerian prevention of mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus program: The journey so far (2013).Journal of HIV & Human Reproduction. IP: 41.217.204.210
[12]	Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health. Behavioral and Biological Surveillance Survey Female Sex Workers, Rwanda 2006. Kigali: Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health.
[13]	Federal Ministry of Health. National Reproductive and Health Survey Plus (NARHS PLUS), 2012. 10 - 17
[14]	Chao A, Bulterys M and Musanganire F, 1994. Risk factors associated with prevalent HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Rwanda. Int J Epidem, 23:371-380.
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[18]	Macellina Y I, Titilayo C A, Kayode T I, Olusegun T A,Olapeju A E, and Funmilola M O, 2010. Male Involvement in Family Planning Decision Making in Ile-Ife,Osun State, Nigeria .Afr J Reprod Health; 14[4]: 45-52.
[19]	Shattuck D, Kerner B, Gilles K, Hartmann M, Ng’ombe T, and Guest G. 2011. “Encouraging contraceptive uptake by motivating men to communicate about family planning: the Malawi Male Motivator project,” The American Journal of Public Health, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1089–1095,
[20]	Hartmann M, Gilles K, Shattuck D, Kerner B, and Guest G, 2012. “Changes in couples’ communication as a result of a male involvement family planning intervention,” Journal of Health Communication, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 802–819.
[21]	Ademola A, Philomena O, and Elizabeth E. 2014.Male Involvement in Family Planning: Challenges and Way Forward. International Journal of Population Research.7-12

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APA Style

Christian Isichei, Pamela Brown, Mercy Isichei, Jean Njab, Tinuade Oyebode, et al. (2015). HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria. American Journal of Health Research, 3(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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ACS Style

Christian Isichei; Pamela Brown; Mercy Isichei; Jean Njab; Tinuade Oyebode, et al. HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria. Am. J. Health Res. 2015, 3(1), 18-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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AMA Style

Christian Isichei, Pamela Brown, Mercy Isichei, Jean Njab, Tinuade Oyebode, et al. HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria. Am J Health Res. 2015;3(1):18-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14,
  author = {Christian Isichei and Pamela Brown and Mercy Isichei and Jean Njab and Tinuade Oyebode and Prosper Okonkwo},
  title = {HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20150301.14},
  abstract = {Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 248 pregnant women with mean age of 26 years were recruited through a random sampling method during ANCs with pre and post counseling initiated and a structured survey questionnaire used. Venous blood samples were collected using needles and syringes, thereafter transported to a central point at Gindiri, centrifuged and serum sent to Plateau Specialist Hospital virology laboratory for HIV testing. Results: Participants with less than six (6) months planned postpartum sexual abstinence(cultural to abstain from Sexual Intercourse during pregnancy) were 8 times significantly more likely (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.4, 42.0) to be infected compared with those who observed more than six (6) months planned postpartum abstinence. Also, women from polygamous marriages had a five-fold greater and significantly odds (OR 5.36; 95%CI 1.3, 24.5) of being HIV positive compared to women from monogamous marriages. Furthermore, parous women were 4 times significantly more likely (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.1, 20.0) to be infected than nulliparous women. Previous exposure to malaria and educational status were not significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI; 1.5 – 6.5)comparable to Nigerian’s current overall prevalence rate and high lights need to eliminate preventable risk factors and relevance of male involvement in HIV prevention especially during pregnancy including ANCs, Care, Treatment and Support. There was higher rate of HIV infection among women who did not abstain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy suggesting multiple partnerships and need for marital faithfulness especially from the men during pregnancy.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria
AU  - Christian Isichei
AU  - Pamela Brown
AU  - Mercy Isichei
AU  - Jean Njab
AU  - Tinuade Oyebode
AU  - Prosper Okonkwo
Y1  - 2015/01/30
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 18
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
AB  - Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 248 pregnant women with mean age of 26 years were recruited through a random sampling method during ANCs with pre and post counseling initiated and a structured survey questionnaire used. Venous blood samples were collected using needles and syringes, thereafter transported to a central point at Gindiri, centrifuged and serum sent to Plateau Specialist Hospital virology laboratory for HIV testing. Results: Participants with less than six (6) months planned postpartum sexual abstinence(cultural to abstain from Sexual Intercourse during pregnancy) were 8 times significantly more likely (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.4, 42.0) to be infected compared with those who observed more than six (6) months planned postpartum abstinence. Also, women from polygamous marriages had a five-fold greater and significantly odds (OR 5.36; 95%CI 1.3, 24.5) of being HIV positive compared to women from monogamous marriages. Furthermore, parous women were 4 times significantly more likely (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.1, 20.0) to be infected than nulliparous women. Previous exposure to malaria and educational status were not significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI; 1.5 – 6.5)comparable to Nigerian’s current overall prevalence rate and high lights need to eliminate preventable risk factors and relevance of male involvement in HIV prevention especially during pregnancy including ANCs, Care, Treatment and Support. There was higher rate of HIV infection among women who did not abstain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy suggesting multiple partnerships and need for marital faithfulness especially from the men during pregnancy.
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Christian Isichei

Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, /Faith Alive Foundation, Jos, Nigeria
Pamela Brown

New Mexico department of Corrections, Santa Fe, USA
Mercy Isichei

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, /Faith Alive Foundation, Jos, Nigeria
Jean Njab

Department of Chemical Pathology, Bingham University, Jos Campus, Nigeria
Tinuade Oyebode

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Prosper Okonkwo

AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) Ltd, Abuja, Nigeria

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APA Style

Christian Isichei, Pamela Brown, Mercy Isichei, Jean Njab, Tinuade Oyebode, et al. (2015). HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria. American Journal of Health Research, 3(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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ACS Style

Christian Isichei; Pamela Brown; Mercy Isichei; Jean Njab; Tinuade Oyebode, et al. HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria. Am. J. Health Res. 2015, 3(1), 18-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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AMA Style

Christian Isichei, Pamela Brown, Mercy Isichei, Jean Njab, Tinuade Oyebode, et al. HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria. Am J Health Res. 2015;3(1):18-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14,
  author = {Christian Isichei and Pamela Brown and Mercy Isichei and Jean Njab and Tinuade Oyebode and Prosper Okonkwo},
  title = {HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20150301.14},
  abstract = {Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 248 pregnant women with mean age of 26 years were recruited through a random sampling method during ANCs with pre and post counseling initiated and a structured survey questionnaire used. Venous blood samples were collected using needles and syringes, thereafter transported to a central point at Gindiri, centrifuged and serum sent to Plateau Specialist Hospital virology laboratory for HIV testing. Results: Participants with less than six (6) months planned postpartum sexual abstinence(cultural to abstain from Sexual Intercourse during pregnancy) were 8 times significantly more likely (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.4, 42.0) to be infected compared with those who observed more than six (6) months planned postpartum abstinence. Also, women from polygamous marriages had a five-fold greater and significantly odds (OR 5.36; 95%CI 1.3, 24.5) of being HIV positive compared to women from monogamous marriages. Furthermore, parous women were 4 times significantly more likely (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.1, 20.0) to be infected than nulliparous women. Previous exposure to malaria and educational status were not significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI; 1.5 – 6.5)comparable to Nigerian’s current overall prevalence rate and high lights need to eliminate preventable risk factors and relevance of male involvement in HIV prevention especially during pregnancy including ANCs, Care, Treatment and Support. There was higher rate of HIV infection among women who did not abstain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy suggesting multiple partnerships and need for marital faithfulness especially from the men during pregnancy.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria
AU  - Christian Isichei
AU  - Pamela Brown
AU  - Mercy Isichei
AU  - Jean Njab
AU  - Tinuade Oyebode
AU  - Prosper Okonkwo
Y1  - 2015/01/30
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 18
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150301.14
AB  - Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 248 pregnant women with mean age of 26 years were recruited through a random sampling method during ANCs with pre and post counseling initiated and a structured survey questionnaire used. Venous blood samples were collected using needles and syringes, thereafter transported to a central point at Gindiri, centrifuged and serum sent to Plateau Specialist Hospital virology laboratory for HIV testing. Results: Participants with less than six (6) months planned postpartum sexual abstinence(cultural to abstain from Sexual Intercourse during pregnancy) were 8 times significantly more likely (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.4, 42.0) to be infected compared with those who observed more than six (6) months planned postpartum abstinence. Also, women from polygamous marriages had a five-fold greater and significantly odds (OR 5.36; 95%CI 1.3, 24.5) of being HIV positive compared to women from monogamous marriages. Furthermore, parous women were 4 times significantly more likely (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.1, 20.0) to be infected than nulliparous women. Previous exposure to malaria and educational status were not significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI; 1.5 – 6.5)comparable to Nigerian’s current overall prevalence rate and high lights need to eliminate preventable risk factors and relevance of male involvement in HIV prevention especially during pregnancy including ANCs, Care, Treatment and Support. There was higher rate of HIV infection among women who did not abstain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy suggesting multiple partnerships and need for marital faithfulness especially from the men during pregnancy.
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
ER  -

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