Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor

Xiarong Zhou; Shangquan Wu; Hong Liu; Xiaoping Wu; Qingchuan Zhang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

| Peer-Reviewed

Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor

Xiarong Zhou, Shangquan Wu, Hong Liu, Xiaoping Wu, Qingchuan Zhang

Published in International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 4, Issue 2)

Received: 7 May 2016 Published: 9 May 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

As a highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor, microcantilever sensor is widely used in biochemical detection. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a hepatocarcinogen widely present in food and food materials, is highly dangerous to human health, and new sensitive methods to detect AFB1 are needed. Here, we developed a microcantilever-array-based immunosensor used in stress mode to detect AFB1with the obvious advantages of a high sensitivity, rapidity, label-free, quantitative, and ability to be performed in real-time. The microcantilever was functionalized with a sulfhydrylated anti-AFB1 antibody, and an ELISA was used to validate the activity of the antibody on the microcantilever. Deflection of the microcantilever corresponding to different AFB1 concentrations was monitored in real-time. The detection limit of the microcantilever sensor in stress mode was lowered to 0.03 ng/mL for AFB1, which is a significant improvement in comparison with icELISA or a microcantilever sensor operated in dynamic mode. We also successfully detected AFB1 dissolved in a peanut solution. The microcantilever sensor in stress mode provides a new method for detecting extremely low concentrations of AFB1 and may have great potential for food quality control and public health protection.

Published in	International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
Page(s)	81-87
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Microcantilever, Nanomechanical Sensor, Aflatoxin B1, Label-Free, Surface Stress

References

[1]	International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC monographs on the evaluations of carcinogenic risks to humans, IARC, Lyon, 1993, vol. 56, pp. 245-395.
[2]	R. Chauhan, P. R. Solanki b, J. Singh, I. Mukherjee, T. Basu, B. D. Malhotra, A novel electrochemical piezoelectric label free immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 detection in groundnut, Food Control 52 (2015) 60-70.
[3]	A. T. Mata a, J. P. Ferreira, B. R. Oliveira, M. C. Batoréu, M. T. Barreto Crespo, V. J. Pereira, M.R. Bronze, Bottled water: Analysis of mycotoxins by LC–MS/MS, Food Chem. 176 (2015) 455-464.
[4]	I. Y. S. Rustom, Aflatoxin in food & feed: occurrence, legislation & inactivation by physical methods, Food Chem. 59 (1997) 57-67.
[5]	E. Papp, K. H-Otta, G. Záray, E. Mincsovics, Liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, Microchem. J. 73(1-2) (2002) 39-46.
[6]	M. Miraglia, C. Brera, M. Colatosti, Application of biomarkers to assessment of risk to human health from exposure to mycotoxins, Microchem. J. 54 (1996) 472-477.
[7]	Commission Recommendation (EC) no1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foods tuffs, Official Journal of the European Union 364, 2006, pp. 5-24.
[8]	J. Stroka, R. van Otterdijk, E. Anklam, Immunoaffinity column clean-up prior to thin-layer chromatography for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrices, J. Chromatogr. A 904 (2000) 251-256.
[9]	A. Fernandez, R. Belio, J. J. Ramos, M. C. Sanz, T. Saez, Aflatoxins and their metabolites in the tissues, faeces and urine from lambs feeding on an aflatoxin-contaminated diet, J. Sci. Food Agr. 74 (1997) 161-168.
[10]	J. Jaimez, C. A. Fente, B. I. Vazquez, C. M. Franco, A. Cepeda, G. Mahuzier, P. Prognon, Application of the assay of aflatoxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in food analysis, J. Chromatog. A 882 (2000) 1-10.
[11]	E. Beltrán, M. Ibáñez, J. V. Sancho, M. Á. Cortés, V. Yusà, F. Hernández, UHPLC–MS/MS highly sensitive determination of aflatoxins, the aflatoxin metabolite M1 and ochratoxin A in baby food and milk, Food Chem. 126 (2011) 737-744.
[12]	A. L. Capriotti, C. Cavaliere, P. Foglia, R. Samperi, S. Stampachiacchiere, S. Ventura, A. Lagana, Multiclass analysis of mycotoxins in biscuits by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison of different extraction procedures, J. Chromatogr. A 1343 (2014) 69-78.
[13]	P. C. Turner, K. H. Dingley, J. Coxhead, S. Russell, C. R. Garner, Detectable levels of serum aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts in the United Kingdom population: implications for aflatoxin-B1 exposure in the United Kingdom, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomar. 7 (1998) 441-447.
[14]	B. H. Liu, Y. T. Hsu, C. C. Lu, F. Y. Yu, Detecting aflatoxin B1 in foods and feeds by using sensitive rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic strip, Food Control 30 (2013) 184-189.
[15]	K. R. Buchapudi, X. Huang, X. Yang, H. Ji, T. Thundat, Microcantilever biosensors for chemicals and bioorganisms, Analyst 136 (2011) 1539-1556.
[16]	C. R. Suri, J. Kaur, S. Gandhi, G. S. Shekhawat, Label-free ultra-sensitive detection of atrazine based on nanomechanics, Nanotechnology 19 (2008) 5502-5507.
[17]	S. Wu, T. Nan, C. Xue, T. Cheng, H. Liu, B. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, Mechanism and enhancement of the surface stress caused by a small-molecule antigen and antibody binding, Biosens. Bioelectron. 48 (2013) 67-74.
[18]	G. Wu, R. H. Datar, K. M. Hansen, T. Thundat, R. J. Cote, A. Majumdar, Bioassay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using microcantilevers, Nat. Biotechnol. 19 (2001) 856-860.
[19]	K. Gruber, T. Horlacher, R. Castelli, A. Mader, P. H. Seeberger, B. A. Hermann, Cantilever array sensors detect specific carbohydrate-protein interactions with picomolar sensitivity, ACS Nano 5 (2011) 3670-3678.
[20]	H. Zhao, C. Xue, T. Nan, G. Tan, Z. Li, Q. X. Li, Q. Zhang, B. Wang, Detection of copper ions using microcantilever immunosensors and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Anal. Chim. Acta 676 (2010) 81-86.
[21]	X. Chen, W. Chen, U. Mohideen, Application of displacement principle for detecting heavy metal ions and EDTA using microcantilevers, Sensor. Actuat. B 161 (2012) 203-208.
[22]	C. Xue, H. Zhao, H. Liu, Y. Chen , B. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, Development of sulfhydrylated antibody functionalized microcantilever immunosensor for taxol, Sensor. Actuat. B 156 (2011) 863-866.
[23]	X. Bai, H. Hou, B. Zhang, J. Tang, Label-free detection of kanamycin using aptamer-based cantilever array sensor, Biosens. Bioelectron. 56 (2014) 112-116.
[24]	L. Huang, Y. Pheanpanitporn, Y. Yen, et al, Detection of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin using a single free-standing piezoresistive microcantilever for therapeutic drug monitoring, Biosens. Bioelectron. 59 (2014) 233-238.
[25]	D. Lee, S. Kim, S. Jeon, T. Thundat, Direct detection and speciation of trace explosives using a nanoporous multifunctional microcantilever, Anal. Chem. 86 (2014) 5077-5082.
[26]	F. G. Bosco, M. Bache, E.-T. Hwu, C. H. Chen, S. S. Andersen, K. A. Nielsen, S. S. Keller, J. O. Jeppesen, I.-S. Hwang, A. Boisen, Statistical analysis of DNT detection using chemically functionalized microcantilever arrays, Sensor. Actuat. B 171-172 (2012) 1054-1059.
[27]	A. Mader, K. Gruber, R. Castelli, B. A. Hermann, P. H. Seeberger, J. O. Rädler, M. Leisner, Discrimination of Escherichia coli strains using glycan microcantilever array sensors, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 420-423
[28]	K. Nieradka, K. Kapczynska, J. Rybka, T. Lipinski, P. Grabiec, M. Skowickid T. Gotszalka, Microcantilever array biosensors for detection and recognition ofGram-negative bacterial endotoxins, Sensor. Actuat. B 198 (2014) 114-124.
[29]	P. M. Kosaka, V. Pini, J. J. Ruz, R. A. da Silva, M. U. González, D. Ramos, M. Calleja, J. Tamayo1, Detection of cancer biomarkers in serum using a hybrid mechanical and optoplasmonic nanosensor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 (2014), 1047-1053.
[30]	T. Braun, M. K. Ghatkesar, N. Backmann, W. Grange, P. Boulanger, L. Letellier, H. Lang, A. Bietsch, C. Gerber, M. Hegner, Quantitative time-resolved measurement of membrane protein-ligand interactions using microcantilever array sensors, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4 (2009) 179-185.
[31]	V. Dauksaite, M. Lorentzen, F. Besenbacher, J. Kjems, Antibody-based protein detection using piezoresistive cantilever arrays, Nanotechnology, 18 (2007) 125503-125508.
[32]	Y. Arntz, J. D. Seelig, H. P. Lang, G. S. Shekhawat, Label-free protein assay based on a nanomechanical cantilever array, Nanotechnology, 14 (2003) 86-90.
[33]	C. Ricciardi, R. Castagna, I. Ferrante, F. Frascella, S. L. Marasso, A. Ricci, G. Canavese, A. Lore, A. Prelle, M. L. Gullino, D. Spadaro, Development of a microcantilever-based immunosensing method for mycotoxin detection, Biosens. Bioelectron. 40 (2013) 233-239.
[34]	J. Tamayo, P. M. Kosaka, J. J. Ruz, A. S. Paulo, M. Calleja, Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 (2013) 1287-1311.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Xiarong Zhou, Shangquan Wu, Hong Liu, Xiaoping Wu, Qingchuan Zhang. (2016). Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 4(2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Xiarong Zhou; Shangquan Wu; Hong Liu; Xiaoping Wu; Qingchuan Zhang. Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2016, 4(2), 81-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Xiarong Zhou, Shangquan Wu, Hong Liu, Xiaoping Wu, Qingchuan Zhang. Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2016;4(2):81-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17,
  author = {Xiarong Zhou and Shangquan Wu and Hong Liu and Xiaoping Wu and Qingchuan Zhang},
  title = {Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {81-87},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20160402.17},
  abstract = {As a highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor, microcantilever sensor is widely used in biochemical detection. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a hepatocarcinogen widely present in food and food materials, is highly dangerous to human health, and new sensitive methods to detect AFB1 are needed. Here, we developed a microcantilever-array-based immunosensor used in stress mode to detect AFB1with the obvious advantages of a high sensitivity, rapidity, label-free, quantitative, and ability to be performed in real-time. The microcantilever was functionalized with a sulfhydrylated anti-AFB1 antibody, and an ELISA was used to validate the activity of the antibody on the microcantilever. Deflection of the microcantilever corresponding to different AFB1 concentrations was monitored in real-time. The detection limit of the microcantilever sensor in stress mode was lowered to 0.03 ng/mL for AFB1, which is a significant improvement in comparison with icELISA or a microcantilever sensor operated in dynamic mode. We also successfully detected AFB1 dissolved in a peanut solution. The microcantilever sensor in stress mode provides a new method for detecting extremely low concentrations of AFB1 and may have great potential for food quality control and public health protection.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor
AU  - Xiarong Zhou
AU  - Shangquan Wu
AU  - Hong Liu
AU  - Xiaoping Wu
AU  - Qingchuan Zhang
Y1  - 2016/05/09
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
T2  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
SP  - 81
EP  - 87
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0248
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
AB  - As a highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor, microcantilever sensor is widely used in biochemical detection. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a hepatocarcinogen widely present in food and food materials, is highly dangerous to human health, and new sensitive methods to detect AFB1 are needed. Here, we developed a microcantilever-array-based immunosensor used in stress mode to detect AFB1with the obvious advantages of a high sensitivity, rapidity, label-free, quantitative, and ability to be performed in real-time. The microcantilever was functionalized with a sulfhydrylated anti-AFB1 antibody, and an ELISA was used to validate the activity of the antibody on the microcantilever. Deflection of the microcantilever corresponding to different AFB1 concentrations was monitored in real-time. The detection limit of the microcantilever sensor in stress mode was lowered to 0.03 ng/mL for AFB1, which is a significant improvement in comparison with icELISA or a microcantilever sensor operated in dynamic mode. We also successfully detected AFB1 dissolved in a peanut solution. The microcantilever sensor in stress mode provides a new method for detecting extremely low concentrations of AFB1 and may have great potential for food quality control and public health protection.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Xiarong Zhou

Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
Shangquan Wu

Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
Hong Liu

Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoping Wu

Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
Qingchuan Zhang

Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Xiarong Zhou, Shangquan Wu, Hong Liu, Xiaoping Wu, Qingchuan Zhang. (2016). Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 4(2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Xiarong Zhou; Shangquan Wu; Hong Liu; Xiaoping Wu; Qingchuan Zhang. Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2016, 4(2), 81-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Xiarong Zhou, Shangquan Wu, Hong Liu, Xiaoping Wu, Qingchuan Zhang. Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2016;4(2):81-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17,
  author = {Xiarong Zhou and Shangquan Wu and Hong Liu and Xiaoping Wu and Qingchuan Zhang},
  title = {Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {81-87},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20160402.17},
  abstract = {As a highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor, microcantilever sensor is widely used in biochemical detection. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a hepatocarcinogen widely present in food and food materials, is highly dangerous to human health, and new sensitive methods to detect AFB1 are needed. Here, we developed a microcantilever-array-based immunosensor used in stress mode to detect AFB1with the obvious advantages of a high sensitivity, rapidity, label-free, quantitative, and ability to be performed in real-time. The microcantilever was functionalized with a sulfhydrylated anti-AFB1 antibody, and an ELISA was used to validate the activity of the antibody on the microcantilever. Deflection of the microcantilever corresponding to different AFB1 concentrations was monitored in real-time. The detection limit of the microcantilever sensor in stress mode was lowered to 0.03 ng/mL for AFB1, which is a significant improvement in comparison with icELISA or a microcantilever sensor operated in dynamic mode. We also successfully detected AFB1 dissolved in a peanut solution. The microcantilever sensor in stress mode provides a new method for detecting extremely low concentrations of AFB1 and may have great potential for food quality control and public health protection.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Label-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Using a Nanomechanical Sensor
AU  - Xiarong Zhou
AU  - Shangquan Wu
AU  - Hong Liu
AU  - Xiaoping Wu
AU  - Qingchuan Zhang
Y1  - 2016/05/09
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
T2  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
SP  - 81
EP  - 87
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0248
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20160402.17
AB  - As a highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor, microcantilever sensor is widely used in biochemical detection. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a hepatocarcinogen widely present in food and food materials, is highly dangerous to human health, and new sensitive methods to detect AFB1 are needed. Here, we developed a microcantilever-array-based immunosensor used in stress mode to detect AFB1with the obvious advantages of a high sensitivity, rapidity, label-free, quantitative, and ability to be performed in real-time. The microcantilever was functionalized with a sulfhydrylated anti-AFB1 antibody, and an ELISA was used to validate the activity of the antibody on the microcantilever. Deflection of the microcantilever corresponding to different AFB1 concentrations was monitored in real-time. The detection limit of the microcantilever sensor in stress mode was lowered to 0.03 ng/mL for AFB1, which is a significant improvement in comparison with icELISA or a microcantilever sensor operated in dynamic mode. We also successfully detected AFB1 dissolved in a peanut solution. The microcantilever sensor in stress mode provides a new method for detecting extremely low concentrations of AFB1 and may have great potential for food quality control and public health protection.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download