Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water

Othman Chande Othman; Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip; Mihayo Sahani Nkinda

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

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Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water

Othman Chande Othman, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Mihayo Sahani Nkinda

Published in International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 2, Issue 5)

Received: 22 August 2014 Accepted: 1 September 2014 Published: 20 September 2014

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Abstract

The fluoride levels in the water samples were determined potentiometrically using a fluoride ion selective electrode. Different experiments on remediation of fluoride containing water with activated clay soil were carried out. Studies on effect of calcination temperature on activation of clay, minimum amount of calcinated clay soil giving optimum defluoridation, effect of contact time for optimal defluoridation and reusing activated soil for defluoridation of water were performed. The best activation temperature for the red clay soil from Kiteto District was found to be 700 °C. For best results, the clay should be heated at this temperature for 3 hours, allowed to cool then used. The optimum water defluoridation contact time was found to be 8 hours. It was established that for 100 mL of fluoridated water with 4.59 mg-F L-1, a minimum of 10 g of calcinated clay soil was required to reduce the concentration of fluoride ions to ≤1.1 mg-F L-1 which is well below the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg-F L-1 for potable drinking water. The results also showed that the activated red clay soil can be repeatedly dried and re-used for the defluoridation process for a maximum of four times. It is recommended that the local red clay soil properly activated as described be used for the defluoridation of drinking water from Kiteto district, Tanzania. Investigation of possible usage of the activated clay soil for defluoridation of drinking water of other areas in the country is advocated.

Published in	International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
Page(s)	115-120
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Defluoridation, Activated clay soil, Adsorption, Kiteto-Tanzania, Potable water

References

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[2]	Miller-Ihli N.J., Pehrsson P.R., Cutrifelli R.L. and Holden J.M. (2003). Fluoride content of municipal water in the United States: What percentage is ﬂuoridated? J. Food Comp. Anal. 16: 621–628.
[3]	Ayoob S. and Gupta A.K. (2006). Fluoride in drinking water. A review on the status and stress effects in India. Critical Review’s in Environmental Science and Technology 36: 433–487.
[4]	Kashangili J.J. (2010). Assessment of groundwater availability and its current and potential use and impacts in Tanzania. Final Report Prepared for the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp 1–58.
[5]	TBS, (2008). TZS 789: Drinking (potable) water – Specification, ICS: 13.060.20, Tanzania Bureau of Standards.
[6]	Tewari A. and Dubey A. (2009). Defluoridation of drinking water: efficacy and need. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 1(1): 31–37.
[7]	Nawlakhe W.G., Kulkarni D.N., Pathak B.N., Bulusu K.R. (1975). Defluoridation of water by Nalgonda technique. Indian Journal of Environmental Health 17(1): 26–65.
[8]	Patil S.S. and Ingole N.W. (2012). Studies on defluoridation - A critical review. Journal of Engineering Research and Studies 3(1): 111–119.
[9]	Mckenzie J.M., Mark B.G., Thompson L.G., Schotterer U.L. and Lin P.N. (2009). A hydrogeochemical survey of Kilimanjaro (Tanzania): Implications for water sources and ages, Hydrogeology Journal 18: 985–995.
[10]	Shailaja K. and Johnson M.E. (2007). Fluorides in groundwater and its impact on health. J Environ. Biol. 28(2): 331–332.
[11]	Tailor G.S. and Chandel C.P.S. (2010). To assess the quality of ground water in Malpura Tehsil (Tonk, Rajasthan, India) with emphasis to fluoride concentration. Nature and Science 8: 20–26.
[12]	WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4th edition. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[13]	Msonda K.W.M., Masamba W.R.L. and Fabiano E. (2007). A Study of fluoride in groundwater occurrence in Nathenje, Lilongwe, Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts, A/B/C, 32:1178–1184.
[14]	Shimelis B., Zewge F. and Chandravanshi B.S. (2006). Removal of excess fluoride from water by aluminum hydroxide. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 20: 17–34.
[15]	Mohapatra M., Anand S., Mishra B.K., Giles D.E. and Singh P. (2009). Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. J Environ. Manage. 91: 67– 77.
[16]	Gomoro K., Zewge F., Hundhammer B. and Megersa N. (2012). Fluoride removal by adsorption on thermally treated lateritic soils. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 26: 361–372.
[17]	Emmanuel K.A., Ramaraju K.A., Rambabu G. and Rao A.V. (2008). Removal of fluoride from drinking water with activated carbons prepared from nitric acid activation. A comparative study. RJC Rasayan J. Chem. 1: 802–818.
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APA Style

Othman Chande Othman, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Mihayo Sahani Nkinda. (2014). Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 2(5), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

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ACS Style

Othman Chande Othman; Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip; Mihayo Sahani Nkinda. Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2014, 2(5), 115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

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AMA Style

Othman Chande Othman, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Mihayo Sahani Nkinda. Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2014;2(5):115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14,
  author = {Othman Chande Othman and Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip and Mihayo Sahani Nkinda},
  title = {Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water},
  journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {115-120},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20140205.14},
  abstract = {The fluoride levels in the water samples were determined potentiometrically using a fluoride ion selective electrode. Different experiments on remediation of fluoride containing water with activated clay soil were carried out. Studies on effect of calcination temperature on activation of clay, minimum amount of calcinated clay soil giving optimum defluoridation, effect of contact time for optimal defluoridation and reusing activated soil for defluoridation of water were performed. The best activation temperature for the red clay soil from Kiteto District was found to be 700 °C. For best results, the clay should be heated at this temperature for 3 hours, allowed to cool then used. The optimum water defluoridation contact time was found to be 8 hours. It was established that for 100 mL of fluoridated water with 4.59 mg-F L-1, a minimum of 10 g of calcinated clay soil was required to reduce the concentration of fluoride ions to ≤1.1 mg-F L-1 which is well below the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg-F L-1 for potable drinking water. The results also showed that the activated red clay soil can be repeatedly dried and re-used for the defluoridation process for a maximum of four times. It is recommended that the local red clay soil properly activated as described be used for the defluoridation of drinking water from Kiteto district, Tanzania. Investigation of possible usage of the activated clay soil for defluoridation of drinking water of other areas in the country is advocated.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water
AU  - Othman Chande Othman
AU  - Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip
AU  - Mihayo Sahani Nkinda
Y1  - 2014/09/20
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
SP  - 115
EP  - 120
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7420
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
AB  - The fluoride levels in the water samples were determined potentiometrically using a fluoride ion selective electrode. Different experiments on remediation of fluoride containing water with activated clay soil were carried out. Studies on effect of calcination temperature on activation of clay, minimum amount of calcinated clay soil giving optimum defluoridation, effect of contact time for optimal defluoridation and reusing activated soil for defluoridation of water were performed. The best activation temperature for the red clay soil from Kiteto District was found to be 700 °C. For best results, the clay should be heated at this temperature for 3 hours, allowed to cool then used. The optimum water defluoridation contact time was found to be 8 hours. It was established that for 100 mL of fluoridated water with 4.59 mg-F L-1, a minimum of 10 g of calcinated clay soil was required to reduce the concentration of fluoride ions to ≤1.1 mg-F L-1 which is well below the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg-F L-1 for potable drinking water. The results also showed that the activated red clay soil can be repeatedly dried and re-used for the defluoridation process for a maximum of four times. It is recommended that the local red clay soil properly activated as described be used for the defluoridation of drinking water from Kiteto district, Tanzania. Investigation of possible usage of the activated clay soil for defluoridation of drinking water of other areas in the country is advocated.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Othman Chande Othman

Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35061, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip

Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35061, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Mihayo Sahani Nkinda

Chemistry Department, Water Development and Management Institute, P. O. Box 35059, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

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APA Style

Othman Chande Othman, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Mihayo Sahani Nkinda. (2014). Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 2(5), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

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ACS Style

Othman Chande Othman; Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip; Mihayo Sahani Nkinda. Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2014, 2(5), 115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

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AMA Style

Othman Chande Othman, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Mihayo Sahani Nkinda. Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2014;2(5):115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14,
  author = {Othman Chande Othman and Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip and Mihayo Sahani Nkinda},
  title = {Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water},
  journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {115-120},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20140205.14},
  abstract = {The fluoride levels in the water samples were determined potentiometrically using a fluoride ion selective electrode. Different experiments on remediation of fluoride containing water with activated clay soil were carried out. Studies on effect of calcination temperature on activation of clay, minimum amount of calcinated clay soil giving optimum defluoridation, effect of contact time for optimal defluoridation and reusing activated soil for defluoridation of water were performed. The best activation temperature for the red clay soil from Kiteto District was found to be 700 °C. For best results, the clay should be heated at this temperature for 3 hours, allowed to cool then used. The optimum water defluoridation contact time was found to be 8 hours. It was established that for 100 mL of fluoridated water with 4.59 mg-F L-1, a minimum of 10 g of calcinated clay soil was required to reduce the concentration of fluoride ions to ≤1.1 mg-F L-1 which is well below the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg-F L-1 for potable drinking water. The results also showed that the activated red clay soil can be repeatedly dried and re-used for the defluoridation process for a maximum of four times. It is recommended that the local red clay soil properly activated as described be used for the defluoridation of drinking water from Kiteto district, Tanzania. Investigation of possible usage of the activated clay soil for defluoridation of drinking water of other areas in the country is advocated.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Use of Activated Red Clay Soil from Kiteto District, Tanzania, as a Remedial Method for High Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water
AU  - Othman Chande Othman
AU  - Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip
AU  - Mihayo Sahani Nkinda
Y1  - 2014/09/20
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
SP  - 115
EP  - 120
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7420
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.14
AB  - The fluoride levels in the water samples were determined potentiometrically using a fluoride ion selective electrode. Different experiments on remediation of fluoride containing water with activated clay soil were carried out. Studies on effect of calcination temperature on activation of clay, minimum amount of calcinated clay soil giving optimum defluoridation, effect of contact time for optimal defluoridation and reusing activated soil for defluoridation of water were performed. The best activation temperature for the red clay soil from Kiteto District was found to be 700 °C. For best results, the clay should be heated at this temperature for 3 hours, allowed to cool then used. The optimum water defluoridation contact time was found to be 8 hours. It was established that for 100 mL of fluoridated water with 4.59 mg-F L-1, a minimum of 10 g of calcinated clay soil was required to reduce the concentration of fluoride ions to ≤1.1 mg-F L-1 which is well below the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg-F L-1 for potable drinking water. The results also showed that the activated red clay soil can be repeatedly dried and re-used for the defluoridation process for a maximum of four times. It is recommended that the local red clay soil properly activated as described be used for the defluoridation of drinking water from Kiteto district, Tanzania. Investigation of possible usage of the activated clay soil for defluoridation of drinking water of other areas in the country is advocated.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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