Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin

Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova

Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 5)

Received: 9 September 2014 Accepted: 19 September 2014 Published: 30 September 2014

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Abstract

Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.

Published in	Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
Page(s)	159-166
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant Morphology, Paleobotany, Conifers, Araucariaceae, Carpel, Angiosperm Origin, Fossil Gymnosperms, Evolutionary Parallelism

References

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Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. (2014). Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(5), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova. Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(5), 159-166. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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AMA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(5):159-166. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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@article{10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13,
  author = {Valentin Krassilov and Sophia Barinova},
  title = {Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin},
  journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {159-166},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140205.13},
  abstract = {Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin
AU  - Valentin Krassilov
AU  - Sophia Barinova
Y1  - 2014/09/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
SP  - 159
EP  - 166
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0731
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
AB  - Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Valentin Krassilov

Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Sophia Barinova

Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. (2014). Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(5), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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ACS Style

Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova. Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(5), 159-166. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

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AMA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(5):159-166. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13,
  author = {Valentin Krassilov and Sophia Barinova},
  title = {Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin},
  journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {159-166},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140205.13},
  abstract = {Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Carpel – Fruit in a Coniferous Genus Araucaria and the Enigma of Angiosperm Origin
AU  - Valentin Krassilov
AU  - Sophia Barinova
Y1  - 2014/09/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
SP  - 159
EP  - 166
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0731
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140205.13
AB  - Reproductive morphology of araucarian samara is revised revealing a carpellate structure of the stone. In A. columnaris it is formed by a supercoiled spermophyll (‘seed scale’), with a stigmatic apical lobe. This structure is analogous to the ‘classical’ peltate carpel of flowering plants. Stone opens with two apical pores. Pollen germinates on the apical stigmatic crest, with extracellular matter exuded from a stigmatic gland and its opposite on the bract apophysis. Ovulate structures are of the same basic type in the allied genera Wollemia and Pararaucaria. Neither of these genera is morphologically ‘transitional’ at the generic as well as familial levels thus setting araucarians apart from the rest of conifers no longer conceivable as a uniquely derived clade of gymnospermous plants. Araucarians thus deserve the status of a separate order anticipating the major evolutionary advancements of angiospermy in flowering plants.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download