Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis

Samir N. Hag Ibrahim

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis

Samir N. Hag Ibrahim

Published in Science Journal of Energy Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 31 March 2017 Accepted: 11 April 2017 Published: 18 October 2017

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Abstract

In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Y_lipid (p < 0.05). Lower methanol to hexane ratio and higher solvent to sludge ratio showed the highest positive effect on lipid yield (Y_lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Y_lipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Y_lipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.

Published in	Science Journal of Energy Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
Page(s)	48-57
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Scum Sludge, Lipid, Box-Behnken Design, Response Surface Method (RSM), FEMAs

References

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Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. (2017). Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 5(2), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Sci. J. Energy Eng. 2017, 5(2), 48-57. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Sci J Energy Eng. 2017;5(2):48-57. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12,
  author = {Samir N. Hag Ibrahim},
  title = {Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis},
  journal = {Science Journal of Energy Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {48-57},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjee.20170502.12},
  abstract = {In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis
AU  - Samir N. Hag Ibrahim
Y1  - 2017/10/18
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
T2  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
JF  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
JO  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
SP  - 48
EP  - 57
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8126
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
AB  - In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Samir N. Hag Ibrahim

Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia

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Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. (2017). Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 5(2), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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ACS Style

Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Sci. J. Energy Eng. 2017, 5(2), 48-57. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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AMA Style

Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Sci J Energy Eng. 2017;5(2):48-57. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12,
  author = {Samir N. Hag Ibrahim},
  title = {Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis},
  journal = {Science Journal of Energy Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {48-57},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjee.20170502.12},
  abstract = {In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis
AU  - Samir N. Hag Ibrahim
Y1  - 2017/10/18
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
T2  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
JF  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
JO  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
SP  - 48
EP  - 57
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8126
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
AB  - In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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